Revolution+in+Astronomy

**Describe new astronomy of 16th and 17th century and analyze ways in which it managed scientific thought and methods.**

**Thesis: New astronomical discoveries resided in the 16th and 17th century in which varied thoughts, on how the universe was arranged, such as, the Heliocentric idea that the planets revolved around the sun, led to new scientific methods from famous scientists ranging from Galileo's principle of inertia and discoveries in the sky to Newtons law of Gravitation and invention of Calculus.**

**Topic 1: Scientific Thought**
 * Ptolemaic universe- Earth is nonmoving center of the universe
 * Heliocentric- Planets revolved around the sun however the moon revolved around the earth.
 * Copernicus- Did not reject Aristotle's principle of the existence of heavenly spheres moving in circular orbits.
 * On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres- Copernicus famous manuscript stating Ptolemy's system was too complicated.
 * Kepler's 1st law: that the orbits of the planets around sunare elliptical in shape with sun at one focus.
 * Kepler's 2nd Law: Speed of a planet is greater when it is closer to the sun and decreases as its distance form sun increases.
 * Kepler's 3rd Law: Square of a planet's period of revolution is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun.
 * Aristotelian Conception- Held that an object remained at rest unless a force was applied against it.
 * If a force was constantly exerted, then the object moved at a constant rate but if it was removed, then the object stopped.
 * Tycho Brahe- Sun and planets revolved around earth while other planets revolved around the sun.

**Topic 2: Scientific Methods**
 * Keplers book- Universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures, such as the pyramid and cube.
 * Brahe- compiled detailed records of his observations of positioins and movements of stars and planets. Led him to reject both theories.
 * Galileo- Systematic observation sof the heavens by means of a telescope.
 * Galileos discoveries of mountains, craters on the moon, four moons revolving around jupiter, phases of venus and the Sunspots.
 * The Starry Messenger- Galileo became a firm proponent of Copernicus's heliocentric system.
 * Galileos observation- If a uniform force was applied to an object, it would move at an accelerated speed rather than a constant speed.
 * Inertia- A body in motion continues in motion forever unless deflected by an external force.
 * Newton- invented Calculus- mathematical means of calculating rates of change and Law of Gravitation.
 * Principia-Mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation. Every object continues in a stae of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force